In Indian philosophy, Pratyaksa, Anumana, and Agamah Pramanani are the three principal means of obtaining valid knowledge, or pramāṇa. Pratyaksa refers to direct perception through the senses, considered the most immediate and reliable source of knowledge. Anumana is inference, where knowledge is gained through logical reasoning based on observation and prior experience. Agamah, or authoritative testimony, involves accepting knowledge passed down through scriptures or trusted sources. Together, Pratyaksa Anumana Agamah Pramanani form a comprehensive framework for understanding reality, as embraced by various schools of Indian thought like Nyaya, Vedanta, and Mimamsa. These methods continue to influence philosophical inquiry and spiritual practice in India.
